钢球配比及充填率的对比试验研究

针对云南某铅锌矿一段磨矿细度及磨机充填率不达标的问题,进行了不同磨矿介质配比和充填率的对比试验。根据云南某铅锌矿矿石力学性质和磨矿产品循环的粒度筛析分布,利用球径半理论公式精确计算出补装球荷尺寸为Φ80∶Φ60∶Φ40∶Φ30=20∶25∶25∶30。实验室试验结果表明,-0.010mm级别的产率较现场生产降低3.83个百分点,中间可选级别0.15～0.010mm产率提高了4.72个百分点。因为钢段同时具有钢球和钢棒的作用且减轻过磨现象,为考察充填率对磨矿效果的影响,按照重量相等的原则使用了钢段,确定钢段配比为:Φ60×70∶Φ50×60∶Φ35×40∶Φ25×30=20∶25∶25∶30。当钢段充填率增至33%,维持磨矿细度与推荐钢球方案大致相当(即不会降低处理量)的情况下,中间可选级别0.15～0.010mm产率与中间易选级别0.10～0.028mm比现场生产分别提高2.98、0.57个百分点,过磨减轻了2个百分点,达到了优化磨矿产品粒度的目的。     

少量有机碳对单级自养脱氮工艺性能的影响

采用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR),经过4个阶段的培养,快速富集好氧氨氧化细菌(AOB)和厌氧氨氧化细菌(AnAOB),并考察不同低碳氮比对工艺脱氮性能的影响。结果表明,NH4^+-N去除率可达到99%以上,TN去除率可达到90%以上。对应C/N=0、1和2时,反应器出水NH4^+-N和TN去除率分别为99.59%、99.5%、98.47%和93.75%、97.22%、98.11%。说明少量COD的存在,可实现同步硝化-厌氧氨氧化-反硝化,且在一定程度上提高脱氮效率。     

一种轻小型四极杆质谱仪射频电源的研制

四极杆结构是四极杆质谱仪的核心结构，由射频电源分别施加两组高压高频信号进行驱动，利用电场的变化和输入离子的质荷比差异对离子进行筛选。针对四极杆质谱仪小型化的研制需求，以信号调制模块、放大模块、反馈电路和直流模块为基本构型，设计了一种应用于轻小型四极杆质谱仪的射频驱动电源。经实际测试，该电源可以在谐振频率1.33 MHz、扫描频率10 Hz的输入条件下，输出峰 峰值电压最高可达3.33 kV的调幅射频高压信号并驱动四极杆结构，扫描切换时间不高于1 ms。射频电源输出信号稳定、波动小、交直比的波动为0.1%。该射频电源相较于常规的四极杆射频电源具有更高的扫描范围，体积小巧，功耗仅30 W，接口简单，有较高的实用价值。     

Effect of fiber-reinforcement on the mechanical behavior of sand approaching the critical state

Several types of ground improvement methods that employ fiber-reinforcement have been developed in recent years. A series of consolidated drained triaxial compression tests has been conducted here to examine the effect of short fibers on the mechanical properties of Toyoura sand. Sand with 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 1% fiber contents, prepared to yield random distribution, was sheared under several confining pressures and controlled via their initial relative densities. The test results showed that the maximum and residual deviatoric stresses increased, whereas the volumetric expansion decreased with an increase in fiber content. Although the stress ratio η (=q/p′) and specific volume changed depending on the fiber content and confining pressure with shear progression, they each reached the same values for a definite fiber content at the end of shearing, independent of initial relative density. In other words, the unique critical state line can be found for a definite fiber content. Moreover, the greater the fiber content, the larger the slope of the critical state line at the end of shearing. Additionally, as the length of fibers shortened with the same percentage of fiber inclusions in sand, the deviatoric stress and the stress ratio decreased, approaching the shear-strain-volumetric response of unreinforced sand.     

An adaptive sliding mode observer based near-optimal OER tracking control approach for PEMFC under dynamic operation condition

Tracking control of oxygen excess ratio (OER) is crucial for dynamic performance and operating efficiency of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). OER tracking errors and overshoots under dynamic load limit the PEMFC output power performance, and also could lead oxygen starvation which seriously affect the life of PEMFC. To solve this problem, an adaptive sliding mode observer based near-optimal OER tracking control approach is proposed in this paper. According to real time load demand, a dynamic OER optimization strategy is designed to obtain an optimal OER. A nonlinear system model based near-optimal controller is designed to minimize the OER tracking error under variable operation condition of PEMFC. An adaptive sliding mode observer is utilized to estimate the uncertain parameters of the PEMFC air supply system and update parameters in near-optimal controller. The proposed control approach is implemented in OER tracking experiments based on air supply system of a 5 kW PEMFC test platform. The experiment results are analyzed and demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed control approach under load changes, external disturbances and parameter uncertainties of PEFMC system.     

Estimating long-term time-resolved indoor PM2.5 of outdoor and indoor origin using easily obtainable inputs

To evaluate the separate impacts on human health and establish effective control strategies, it is crucial to estimate the contribution of outdoor infiltration and indoor emission to indoor PM_2.5 in buildings. This study used an algorithm to automatically estimate the long-term time-resolved indoor PM_2.5 of outdoor and indoor origin in real apartments with natural ventilation. The inputs for the algorithm were only the time-resolved indoor/outdoor PM_2.5 concentrations and occupants’ window actions, which were easily obtained from the low-cost sensors. This study first applied the algorithm in an apartment in Tianjin, China. The indoor/outdoor contribution to the gross indoor exposure and time-resolved infiltration factor were automatically estimated using the algorithm. The influence of outdoor PM_2.5 data source and algorithm parameters on the estimated results was analyzed. The algorithm was then applied in four other apartments located in Chongqing, Shenyang, Xi'an, and Urumqi to further demonstrate its feasibility. The results provided indirect evidence, such as the plausible explanations for seasonal and spatial variation, to partially support the success of the algorithm used in real apartments. Through the analysis, this study also identified several further development directions to facilitate the practical applications of the algorithm, such as robust long-term outdoor PM_2.5 monitoring using low-cost light-scattering sensors.     

Significantly enhanced breakdown field in Ca1-xSrxCu3Ti4O12 ceramics by tailoring donor densities

Significantly enhanced breakdown field of 24.52 kV cm^?1 as well as noteworthy nonlinear coefficient of 8.11 and low dielectric loss of 0.077 were obtained in Ca_0.6Sr_0.4Cu₃Ti₄O₁₂ ceramic. It was proved from impedance spectra that improved breakdown field was attributed to enhanced grain boundary resistance and elevated Schottky barrier height, which was further found resulting from reduced donor densities in C-V measurements. In addition, it was found that the activation energy originated from oxygen vacancies was increased, indicating the generation of oxygen vacancies was suppressed. Since oxygen vacancies acted as donors in depletion layers, it is reasonable to deduce that the reduced donor density was mainly ascribed to the decreased oxygen vacancies. In conclusion, maximum integrated action of strong solid solution effect and weak Sr-stretching effect was achieved when Sr/Ca ratio is 40/60, leading to greatly elevated potential barrier height and enhanced breakdown field consequently.     

严重突出煤层穿层钻孔“钻冲筛运”一体化瓦斯治理技术研究与应用

鹤煤公司八矿地质构造复杂、断层褶曲发育,尤其井田深部断层多,并且煤层透气性低且松软,打钻塌孔、喷孔严重,瓦斯抽放效果不好,给煤炭开采和瓦斯综合治理带来了困难。针对鹤煤公司八矿穿层钻孔瓦斯治理技术措施进行井下现场探索与研究,通过在3205底抽巷经过多次技术方案论证、实践,摸索出一套钻冲筛运一体化整套技术流程,并分析高压水力冲孔瓦斯涌出特征、有效影响半径。通过采用高压水力冲孔、振动筛选、转载装运,提高了水力冲孔效果和效率,改善了工作环境。     

Zn与Mg质量比对热挤压Al-Zn-Mg-Sc显微组织及力学性能的影响

制备了Al-2Mg-0.4Sc、Al-5Mg-0.4Sc、Al-5Mg-2Zn-0.4Sc和Al-5Zn-2Mg-0.4Sc等4种合金并在350℃进行热挤压,通过光学显微镜(OM),X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、室温拉伸测试,研究了Zn/Mg比对于Al-Zn-Mg-Sc合金组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,Zn/Mg比的提高对于铸态晶粒具有细化作用,挤压后发生动态再结晶,晶粒尺寸显著减小,但挤压态晶粒尺寸并未随Zn/Mg比的提高而减小。另一方面,Zn/Mg比的提高使Mg32(Al,Zn)49第二相数量增加,且呈现更明显的网状结构。挤压态Al-Zn-Mg-Sc合金屈服强度随Zn/Mg比的提高而提升,主要由于大量Al3Sc粒子与碎化的第二相呈网状分布于晶界,使第二相强化起到主导作用。     

基于功能参数的渐进成形件表面质量表征研究

目的 以圆锥台成形件为例，基于粗糙表面的区域支承率曲线，进行了用功能参数表征表面几何形貌的研究，以全面、准确、定量地表征渐进成形件的表面质量，预测表面性能。方法 用渐进成形工艺加工成形角分别为35°、45°和55°的圆锥台件，将各圆锥台的成形面分为顶部、中部和底部三个区域，并使用三维表面轮廓仪，在上述三个区域中随机测量各4个样本。根据ISO 25178-2:2012，将各样本表面的区域支承率曲线分为峰区、核心区和谷区，选用部分功能参数——核心区高度Sk、峰区材料体积Vmp、核心区材料体积Vmc和谷区空隙体积Vvv表征表面，并与常用的高度表征参数——Sa、Sq、Ssk和Sku进行比较。结果 成形件表面的Ssk和Sku的计算值极不稳定，变异系数（标准偏差与均值之比）最高值分别可达127.67%和39.11%，Sa、Sq的最大变异系数分别为4.41%和4.26%，虽然它们的参数计算值较为稳定，但常无法体现表面形貌的实际差异。功能参数独立表征不同功能区，Sk和Vmc的最大变异系数分别为9.32%和7.73%，说明同一表面各处，在长期工作阶段具有较为一致的表面性能，Vmp和Vvv的最大变异系数分别为60.53%和31.25%，说明表面各处峰、谷区的形貌有所不同，因而在磨合时间、磨粒存储等方面会有不同的表现。结论 粗糙表面的三维本质要求用三维表征参数才能全面表征其几何形貌。高度参数虽然计算简单，但常难以解读它们的物理意义，无法定量评价表面性能；功能参数具有明确的物理意义，可为表征表面质量、预测表面性能提供定量、实用的方法。